Common Operations
1. File and Directory Operations
Creating a Directory
- Command:
mkdir directory_name
- Example:
mkdir my_folder will create a directory named "my_folder."
Creating a File
- Command:
touch file_name
- Example:
touch myfile.txt will create a file named "myfile.txt."
Listing Files and Directories
- Command:
ls (list), ls -l (detailed list), ls -a (include hidden files)
- Example:
ls -la will list all files and directories, including hidden ones, with details.
2. File Permissions
Changing Permissions
- Command:
chmod permissions file_name
- Example:
chmod 755 myfile.txt will set the file permissions to 755 for "myfile.txt."
Changing Ownership
- Command:
chown user:group file_name
- Example:
chown john:users myfile.txt will change the owner to "john" and the group to "users."
3. Managing Processes
Viewing Active Processes
- Command:
ps, top
- Example:
top will display an ongoing view of processes in real-time.
Killing a Process
- Command:
kill PID (Process ID)
- Example:
kill 1234 will terminate the process with PID 1234.
4. Network Operations
Displaying Network Configuration
- Command:
ifconfig or ip a
- Example:
ifconfig will display the current network configuration for all interfaces.
Testing Network Connectivity
- Command:
ping host_name_or_IP
- Example:
ping google.com will ping Google's servers to check if the network is functioning correctly.
5. Package Management (using APT for Debian-based systems)
Updating Package Lists
- Command:
sudo apt update
- Example: Running this command will update the package lists to ensure the latest software can be installed.
Installing a Package
- Command:
sudo apt install package_name
- Example:
sudo apt install nginx will install the Nginx web server.
6. User Management
Creating a New User
- Command:
sudo useradd -m user_name
- Example:
sudo useradd -m john will create a new user named "john" with a home directory.
Changing User Password
- Command:
sudo passwd user_name
- Example:
sudo passwd john will prompt you to enter a new password for the user "john."